Unit 7 Chinese Religions.ppt

Unit 7 Chinese Religions,Ⅰ.Exercise and Review,keys to the translations Task 2 The inscription on the stone had worn away. Correct decisions stem from correct judgments. Taoism was classified into many schools, which gradually merged into one after new China was founded. He has learned how to exercise breathing to keep fit. Many ethnic minorities in Yunnan believe in Hinayana.,Review about Taoism and Buddhism,Who is the founder of Taoism? What is the Taoist understanding of the universe? What is the basic principle for people to attain Dao? What Taoism has left behind for Chinese culture? What are the two types of Buddhism in China? What are the 4 mountains in China which are particularly sacred to Mahayana Buddhists?,四川峨眉山,峨眉乐山大佛,,峨眉山报国寺,山西五台山,浙江普陀山,普陀山朝阳洞,安徽九华山,安徽九华山百岁宫,Ⅱ. Other Religions in China,1.Confucianism (儒教) Founder: Confucius (Kong Zi 551－479BC) and his disciples Time: in the Spring and Autumn period about 2500 years ago夏，商，周，春秋，战国，秦，汉，三国，晋…… 隋 ，唐，宋，元，明，清,Classics: Sishu and WujingSishu refers to Four Books of Confucius Classic assembled by Zhu Xi during the Song dynasty. They are Lunyu (or the Analects of Confucius) 《伦语》, the zhong Yong (or the Doctrine of the Mean)《中庸》, the Daxue (or the Great Learning) 《大学》 and the Mengzi (or the writings of Mengzi) 《孟子》.Wujing refers to the Book of Changes 《易经》, the Book of Documents 《书经》, Book of Poetry 《诗经》, the Records of Rites 《礼经》and the Spring and Autumn Annals《春秋》,Teachings: Confucian writings deal primarily with individual morality and ethics, and the proper exercise of political power by the rulers. Confucianism places high importance on such values as humaneness towards others, family love, etiquette and honesty.,Influence of Confucianism in Asian countries: Confucianism has had a great influence on Chinese and Asian society today and has impacted many of the world’s religions and philosophies. The modern economies, political science, and sociology of Asia cannot be known without examining historical Confucianism principles. For example, looking back at Japan s history, we notice that China had a very strong influence, especially by introducing Confucianism. Japan borrowed many cultural elements from China during the Tang dynasty, which includes this philosophy. One prince of Japan even said that: “The management of state affairs cannot be achieved unless it is based on its knowledge and the source of knowledge is Confucianism.,Japan interpreted Confucianism in its own way. While for China, this theory was related to comprehension of the human relationship, Japan saw it as a pattern for absolute obedience. Therefore, loyalty has always been an essential asset in all Japanese life. Complete loyalty is to the emperor by its nation, but also to a teacher by a student, or to a father by a son. (more about it….),,2. Islam (伊斯兰教)伊斯兰教是世界性的宗教之一，与佛教、基督教并称为世界三大宗教。中国旧称大食法、大食教度、天方教、清真教、回回教、回教等。伊斯兰（a1一Islam)系阿拉伯语音译，原意为“顺从”、“和平”，指顺从和信仰宇宙独一的最高主宰安拉及其意志，以求得两世的和平与安宁。信奉伊斯兰教的人统称为“穆斯林”(Muslim，意为“顺从者”)。7世纪初兴起于阿拉伯半岛，由麦加人穆罕默德(约570～632)所创传。主要传播于亚洲、非洲，以西亚、北非、中亚、南亚次大陆和东南亚最为盛行。,伊斯兰教是世界三大宗教之一，伊斯兰教世界的国家遍布亚、非两个大洲，总体算来也有大约五十个。此外，在各大洲很多国家里都有信仰伊斯兰教的人民（穆斯林）。这些国家包括一些西方国家诸如英、美、俄、法、德等国家。据统计，全世界信仰伊斯兰教的人民总数约在十亿人，仅次于基督教徒的人数。有迹象表明，伊斯兰教徒人数有在几年以后超过基督教徒人数的趋势。其中有很多基督教徒在接触、深入研究了真正的伊斯兰教教义后自然会归信伊斯兰教。 伊斯兰教是科学的宗教，它鼓励人们通过真科学对宇宙、世界进行认识和思考，从而使信仰更加坚固。穆圣（算烂拉胡而来习我散来埋）说：“学者的墨汁浓于烈士的鲜血。”就是让穆斯林们要努力学习知识，不盲从、不迷信。因为伊斯兰是光明的、从真主降下的正教，它是科学的、充满真理的，盲从和迷信不会认识它，只会损害它 。,伊斯兰教主张和平，主张对人应有慈爱之心。真主说：“你当以善待人，象真主以善待你一样；你不要在地方上搬弄是非，真主确是不爱搬弄是非者。”（古兰经28章77节，马坚译本）按教法规定，每一位有能力的穆斯林都应该向穷苦人伸出援助之手。 伊斯兰教法严格，对于一个穆斯林，他口中吐了脏字儿就应该向主做忏悔，在背后谈论别人就是干罪，不力行五功、饮酒既是大罪了，更不要提无故伤人、杀人了。真正的穆斯林都是敬畏真主、遵纪守法的人。,伊斯兰教第一圣地----麦加（Mecca）,伊斯兰教圣地----耶路撒冷,耶路撒冷金顶清真寺,Listening,difficult points: virtuous, worship, patroness (protector), festival, systematize, adopt, comprise,Cemetery of Confucius (孔林), the Kong Family Mansion（孔府）, UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – UNESCO， 属联合国专门机构，简称联合国教科文组织。Where are off today?,The Qufu complex of monuments has retained its outstanding artistic and historic character due to the devotion of successive Chinese emperors over more than 2,000 years. The temples has been the holy place for offering sacrifices to Confucius over the last 2,500 years.,Tapescript :,About the Visit to QufuT- Tourist; G-Guide T: Where are we off today? We have visited many natural scenic spots for the past several days. G: How about some changes today? T: What changes? G: I will show you the famous Qufu, the legendary birthplace of Confucius. T: What are we going to see there? G: We are going to visit the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius, and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu. T: Oh, I’ve heard that these have been listed as UNESCO World Heritage since 1994. G: Yes. There are many Confucius temples in China, but the largest and most important one is the Confucius Temple located in Qufu. T: How big is the temple? G: Today it comprises more than 100 buildings. The cemetery contains Confucius’s tomb and the remains of more than 100,000 of his descendants. T: That’s great! G: And we are also going to visit the Qufu complex. T: It is certainly a sacred place for people worshipping Confucius.G: Yes, it is. The Qufu complex of monuments has retained its outstanding artistic and historic character due to the devotion of successive Chinese emperors over more than 2,000 years. The temple has been the holy place for offering sacrifices to Confucius over the last 2,500 years.,Tapescript : A Trip to the Yuyuan Garden,G-Guide; T- Tourist G: Here we are. This garden is called the Yuyuan Garden which is an ancient one dating back to 400 years ago. T: Oh, I see. Can I take some pictures here? G: Sure. It seems quite ideal to take some photos here. T: Miss Zhang, please allow me to inquire about the history of this famous garden, would you ? G: With pleasure. The first thing I would like to tell you is that it was constructed and built up in the Ming dynasty. And it has been reconstructed and restored during the past hundred years. T: In that case, it’s quite ancient indeed. In the meantime, I guess it’s a hard job to do the restoration. G: Yes, it was. The garden has an area of only several hectares. Visitors are stuck by its ingenious architecture and exotic layout. There are more than 30 places of distinctive and fascinating scenes like ponds, chambers, pavilions and artificial rockeries. Here rare and precious cultural relics are kept. T: Oh, we are deeply attracted by its interesting history. G: Look, please. That is Overlooking Hall. It has three stories. Shall we go to the top floor of the hall to have a bird’s-eye view from here? T: That sounds interesting. G: In the past, from the top floor of the Hall, we could see the Huangpu River, but not now. that is the Yuyuan Garden Bazaar and in the midst of it there is a popular tea house by the Nine Zigzag Bridge. If you are dreaming of having a cup of the distinguished Chinese green tea, we’ll go there later on. T: That sounds tempting. We feel a bit thirsty. Let’s go and have a drink there.,