化学专业英语写作-第四章.ppt

1,第四章 有关数理化内容的表达,2,4.1 有关数学内容的表达用语,4.1.1 有关普通数的表达 4.1.1.1 普通数的基本写法 1. 一般原则 (1) 10及10以上的数字写成阿拉伯数字 (2) 10以下的它拼写出来，如3写成three，但若10以下的数字后面带有单位，则仍写成阿拉伯数字，如6 inches, 3 Cubic yards.,3,(3) 从21至99间的数在书写时，十位与个数之间加连字写，如21应写成twenty-one (4) 当数字频繁出现时则仍写成阿拉伯数字。 He used a crew of 3 carpenters, 2 plumber, 6 laborers, 1 foreman, and 1 timekeeper. (5) 在同一短语中出现两个相邻数字时，其中一个拼写出来，一个写成阿拉伯数字，一般是将小的拼写出来，较大的写成阿拉伯数字。 7 six-inch timber 梁木 fifteen 40-watt lamps,4,(6) 仅作为估计数的数字一般都写出来 这幢大楼应能使用50年 The building should stand for fifty years. (7) 金额总和一般以阿拉伯数字表示 15 dollars 或 $15 ¥0.80 80cents 但有时必需拼写出来，如写支票取款时，five hundred and fifty-six pounds, ¥556 (8) 一般来说一个句子不要以阿拉伯数字开始，遇到这种情况，应将数字拼写出来或采用一般变通办法。,5,2. 具体写法 (1) 整数三位数以内没有特殊要求四位数时有两种写法，1234或1, 234超过四位数时，每向左增加三位加一逗号；168,230 miles per sec. (2) 小数，前面多带0。如0.52 (3) 文字和数字有连字号组成时一位数时多用文字拼写表达 four-wire circuit二位数时用拼写或阿拉伯数字表示均可 60-Channel System 或Sixty-Channel System三位数三位数以上均用阿拉伯数字表示 60,000-hour operating life,6,4.1.1.2 有关确切数的表达 个位数 units digit(s), 十位数 tens digit(s) 百位数 hundreds digit(s) 三位数 three digits, three figures 多位数 multidigit number 三位有效数 three significant figures 总数为a a total of a 总数不为a a total different from a或 a total other than a 总数至多为a a total at most a 总数至少为a a total at least a,7,至多2个9 at most 2 nines n个中之一 one of –n 28或少于28 28 or less 30或多于30 30 or more 多于100 少于1000 more than 100 but less than 1,000 五中取二 two out of five 百分之一 a hundredth part of 千分之三 a third part in 1000 百万分之五 5 parts in a million, 5 part in 106 1,23E0, 123E-2 ·0123E2 one and twenty three one hundredths,8,4.1.3 约数的表达 一、约数：汉语中的“大约”、“左右”、“上下”英语中可以用下面方式表达 1. 词(组)+基数词 about +基数词 about 80 to 100 miles around +基数词 around 1991 some +基数词 some 40 tones in weight nearly +基数词 nearly 10,000 people approximately +基数词 approximately 50 hours more or less + 基数词 more or less 50 meters almost + 基数词 almost 300 visitors,9,2. 基数词(可跟单位) + 词组 基数词 + or so 50 meters or so 基数词 + up and down 10 nm up and down 基数词 + more or less 30km more or less 基数词 + thereabout 15 thereabout,10,二、多于的表达 1. 词组 + 基数词(可跟单位) above + 基数词 above 25℃ in excess of + 基数词 in excess of 220 square miles over + 基数词 over 3000 upwards of + 基数词 upwards of 800 g water 2. 基数词 +词组 基数词+odd thirty odd years 基数词+and more (over) forty and more,11,三、少于的表达 below + 基数词 below 980 less than + 基数词 less than 3000 under +基数词 under 11 ms,12,4.1.1.4 不确定量的表达 十之八九 ten to one, nine in ten 许多 scores of, a lots of, a large number of, plenty of, a multitude of 许许多多 twenty and twenty, a world of 0至9 from zero through nine 二十多 twenty and odd 几十 a few tens 几百 hundreds of, some hundreds of 几千 thousands of, some thousands of,13,几万 tens of thousands of 大约3万 some 30,000 几十万 hundreds of thousands of 几百万 millions of 几亿 hundreds of millions 千百万 millions upon millions of 数周(天, 时, ) a couple of weeks (days, hours ) 零上几度 a few degrees above zero,14,平均值以上 above average 海拔1000米以上 1000 meters above sea-level 约在50至500之内 between 50 and 500 约109中的一个原子 l atom in about 109 零点几伏 a few tenth of a volt 250毫秒上下 250 ms up and down 五十打以上 50 dozen or up (move) 超额百分之三以上 any excess over 3 percent 注意：over, above虽都表示“以上”的意思，但over多用于表示数量和长度的内容，表示高低或以刻度的内容时多用above。,15,4.1.5 含有外来语词头的数字 1. mono monochrone 单色的 monoxideuni unidirectional 单向的 2. di diatomic 双原子 diphase 二相的bi bimonthly 双月的 bidentate 双齿的 3. tri triangle 三角形的 4. tetra tetragon 四边形的quadr quadraphonics 四声道立体声 5. penta pentagon 五角形 pentagram五角quinque quinque valence 五价的,16,6. hexa hexagon 六角形 7. hepta heptode 七极管 8. oct octane 辛烷 octhedron 八面体 octachord 八弦琴 octacosane 二十八烷octadecanol 十八烷醇 9. nona nonane 壬烷 nonamer 九聚物 10. deca decane癸烷，十碳烷 多 poly polygon 多边形multi multicolored 多色的 全 omni omnidirectional 全向的 半 hemi hemicycle 半圆的semi semiperiod 半周期demi demicontinuous半连续的 demilume半月,17,4.1.1.6 含有“半”意的数字表达 (1) 单独使用时用half half a year, half an hour, a half hour (2) 与其它数字搭配使用时 and a halfthree years and a half five days and a halfsix tons and a half六吨半 seven kilometers and a half (3) 作为词头使用时用halfhalf hourly每半小时 half adder半加器half angle 半角 half life半衰期,18,4.1.1.7 罗马字的表达1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 19 20 Ⅰ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ Ⅹ Ⅺ ⅨⅩ ⅩⅩ 大数罗马字还有：50 100 500 1,000L C D M 字数上加“–”表示扩大1000倍 V5000, L 50000 其它数字可由基本数字组合而成 CCⅢ DL MDⅫ203 550 1512,,,19,4.1.1.8 数量级的表达用语 有 of the order of, on the order of, in the order of, of the order of , magnitude of 来表示 Gate currents are normally of the order of picoamperes. The frictional force is velocity dependent, but at typical speeds the effective coefficient of friction is of the order of 0.001.,20,4.1.1.9 数量增减的表达 (1) 高(快，低……)达的表达 as +形容词+as + 数词 低达Successful operation of these devices requires air pressures as low as 10–8 mm of mercury. 高达，快达at speed as high as 1800 rev min–1,21,(2) 净增(减)的表达 下降 6%，增加6% We know that from 1990 to 1991 the net income of the company declined by 6%, whereas from 1991 to 1992 the net income increases by 6%. 相差10% These two measurements differ by 10%.,22,(3) 倍数增大的表达 a. 净增倍数的表达 增加意义的谓语 + by + 数字提高7.5 The signal level has to be increased by 7.5. b. 为×××的 x 倍 x times + 名词或 that of 约是……的三倍 The melting point of aluminum is about three times that of lead. c. 比××× 重(大) x 倍 x+比较级+than 几乎比……重三倍 Iron is almost three times heavier than aluminum.,23,d. 为××× x倍大(快、高) x + as +形容词 + as The speed of sound in water is about four times as great as in air. e. 增至x倍或增加x–1倍 ① 增加意义谓语+by a factor of x 增到11.7倍 If a donor-type impurity is added to the extent of 1 part in 108, the conductivity of germanium at 30℃ is multiplied by a factor of 11.7.,24,② 增加意义谓语+数字+times The sales of microcomputer has increased six times since 1970. ③ 用double (treble)等谓语 If we treble the pressure……. ④ 倍数减少的表达 减少到1/5 (减少了4/5) is reduced by a factor of 5 减少为1/4 is reduced four times ⑤ 使用fold放在基数词的后面 The executive time is also increased, sometimes several-fold.,25,4.2 物理量的变化表达,4.2.1 物理量自身变化的表达 增减或变化的名词+in+物理量电压增大 increase in voltage温度升高 rise in temperature温度变化 variation in temperature体积减少 decrease in volume动能的改变 change in kinetic energy液体上升 elevation in fluid,26,在加压下固体的体积变化十分小，以致方程1中的体积V可认为是一个常数。 The change in volume of a solid under pressure is so small that the volume V in eq. 1 can be considered constant.材料的压缩系数等于每增加一个单位压力时的相对体积的减少 The compressibility of a material equals the fractional decrease in volume per unit increase in pressure.,27,4.2.2 物理量随其它因素变化的表达 一般表达式为 change with, vary with 在大气层上部，气温仅随高度略有变化. In the upper part of the atmosphere the temperature varies only slightly with change in elevation. 体积随压力反变化 The volume varies inversely with pressure.,28,dQ在dt时间内的增加比例于图1中的深色阴影区。 The increase in dQ in the time dt is proportional to the heavily shaded area in Fig. 1. 在0℃至4℃，水的体积随温度升高而减小 Water, in the temperature range from 0℃to 4℃, decreases in volume with increasing temperature.,29,4.2.3 几何尺寸和形状的表达 4.2.3.1 长度、高度和厚度 直径1～2毫米的钢球 a steel ball 1 to 2 mm in diameter 直径2毫米的钢球 a steel ball of 2 mm in diameter 10厘米长的铜棒 a copper rod 10 cm long 薄到2的纤维 a fiber as thin as 2 宽度各为0.1mm的平行槽 parallel slits each of width 0.1mm,30,90厘米长的玻璃管 a glass tube 90 cm long 厚度为0.5cm的黄铜板 a brass plate 0.5 cm thick 长12ft 直径0.036 inch的铜线 a copper wire 12 ft long and 0.036 inch in diameter 安装在16英寸宽，41/4英寸高，111/2英寸深的框架中be mounted in a 16 inches wide, 41/4 inches height and 111/2 inches deep frame.,31,4.2.3.2 面积和体积 容量20立方米的容器 a tank having a capacity of 20m3 容量2l的烧瓶 a flask of volume 2l 235cm3的钢锭 235cm3 steel block 或 a two by three by five cm3 steel block 直径210–2毫升长1毫米的毛细管 a capillary of diameter 210–2 mm and length 1mm.,32,宽5厘米长18厘米的长方薄板 a rectangular sheet 5 cm wide and 12 cm long 六股七丝的电缆 six by seven cable 一间4米5米的房间 a room 4m by 5m 在2个大气压下温度为27℃时的一升氦 a liter of helium under a pressure of 2 atm and at a temperature of 27℃,33,4.2.3.3 形状的表达 1. 按汉字形状表达丁字形螺栓 T–bolt丁字形槽 T–slot丁字形钢 T–steel工字钢 I-steel十字管 Cross-pipe元字形 Zigzag人字架 A-bracket,34,2. 按英语字母形状表达 Z形梁 Z – beam V形齿轮 V – gear S形曲线 S –shaped curve O形环 O – ring U形管 U – tube A形架 A – frame T形刀架 T – rest,35,3. 按实物形状表达 菱形 diamond-shape 上凹的 concave upward 星形 star-like 下凹的 concave downward 锲形 V–shape 上凸的 convex upward 槽钢 U–steel 椭圆形 oval 8字形 a figure-of-eight 双凸面 convexo-convex 阶梯形 staircase 亚铃形 dumb bell-shaped,36,4.2.4 精度的表达 可读到1/10刻度 can be read to 1/10 division 样品夹持器可对准中心到0.002毫米的范围内. The sample holder can centered within 0.002 of a millimeter. 所有测量只记录适量的有效位. All measurements should be recorded only to the appropriate number of significant figures. 准确到两位 be accurate to two decimal places 记录到一位数的精度 be recorded to one-decimal accuracy 被舍入至最近的分数值 be rounded to the nearest fractional value,37,4.2.5 角度的表示 与电子运动方向成角 be at an angle  to the direction of motion of the electron A与B在相隔3的方向上 A and B are in direction separated by 3 与x轴成倾斜 be oblique with respect to x-axis 置M与Z轴垂直 M is placed perpendicular to the Z-axis SP2 hybridization is indicated whenever an atom forms three identical bond directed at 120 to each other. C2H4 molecule is also flat, and the bonds from each Carbon atom make very nearly 120 with each other. The two H-O bonds in water molecule make an angle of 105 with each other.,38,4.2.6 温度和湿度的表达 在1000K以上(附近，以下)的温度 at temperature above (around, below) 1000 K 80℃的500克水 500 g of water at a temperature of 80℃ 在常温下 at ordinary temperature 在室温下 at room temperature 在三态点 at the triple point 在临界温度点以上的气体 a gas at a temperature above the critical point 在相对湿度为100%时 at 100% relative humidity,39,4.2.7 压力的表达 压力在10–6 Torr以上(以下，附近) at pressure above (below, around) 10–6 Torr 1.02×105压力 a pressure of 1.02×105 Pa 在低于0.13帕的真空下under a vacuum of less than 0.13Pa,40,4.2.8 位置，方位关系的表达 1. 地理位置，需要借助介词 in, to, on 等 (1) in 用于某地属于某一范围之内的情况 中国在亚洲东部 China is in the east of Asia. (2) to 用于某地不属于某一范围的情况 朝鲜位于日本以西 Korea lies to the west of Japan. (3) on 仅表示位置 中国东临太平洋 China faces Pacific on the east. (4) of 表示与某地之距离有方位关系 他的祖籍在上海以北100英里处. His native province is 100 mile (to the) north of Shanghai.,41,A市位于Z市上游1500英里处. City A is located some 1500 miles up river from city Z. A市位于C省，在X河南岸，距海约380英里 City A is located in C Province, on the south band of the X River, about 80 miles from the sea. A市位于B省内X河与Y河交汇处，在K上游669英里. City A is situated in B Province at the junction of X and Y Rivers, some 699 miles upriver from K.,42,2. 方位关系 方位(compass points)表达，东西两个方向英汉表达顺序一致，而南北两个方向语序相反。东南 Southeast (SE) 东偏北 East by north东北 Northeast (NE) 西偏北 West by north西南 Southwest (SW) 南偏西 South by west西北 Northwest (NW) 北偏东 North by east,43,4.3 化学常用表达用语 4.3.1 Nomenclature of Compounds 4.3.1.1 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds,44,一、Naming ionic compounds 1. positive ions (1) Monatomic cations having single oxidation numbers take name of the metal from which they are derived. For example, Na+ is named sodium; Mg2+ is named magnesium, Al3+ is named aluminum, and so on.,45,(2) Monatomic cations having multiple oxidation numbers are named in either of two ways: (a) The ion takes the English name of the metal from which it is derived, immediately followed by a Roman numeral written in parenthesis that indicates the oxidation number. This system of naming ionic compounds is called the Stock System. For example, Cu+ is named Copper (Ⅰ) and Cu2+ is named Copper (Ⅱ); Fe2+ is named iron (Ⅱ) and Fe3+ is named iron (Ⅲ) Sn2+ is named tin (Ⅱ) and Sn4+ is named tin (Ⅳ); and so on.,46,(b) The ion takes the Latin name of the metal from which it is derived together with one of the suffixes -ous or -ic, representing the lower and higher oxidation numbers. We shall call this system of naming ionic compounds the older system. For example, Cu+ is named cuprous and Cu2+ is named cupric; Fe2+ is named ferrous and Fe3+ is named ferric; Sn2+ is named stannous and Sn4+ is named stannic; and so on.,47,(3) There are only two common polyatomic cations, Their formulas and names are noted below:NH4+ ammoniumHg22+ Mercury (I) in the stock SystemMercurous in the older System 2. Negative ions (1) Monatomic anions are named by adding the suffix -ide to the stem of the name of the nonmetal from which they are derived. For example, HO– is named hydride. Cl– is named chroride, O2– oxide, N3– nitride and so on.,48,(2) polyatomic anions are named according to the following system: (a) The binary anions are named with the suffix -ide; OH– hydroxide CN– cyanide. (b) The polyatomic anions containing carbon are named uniquely;C2H3O2– acetateCO32– carbonateC2O42– oxalate,49,(c) when a nonmetal forms two different oxyanions (anions containing oxygen), the suffix -ite is used to name containing the nonmetal with the lesser oxidation number and suffix -ate is used to higherNO2– nitrite, NO3– nitrateSO3– sulfite , SO22– sulfate,50,(d) when a nonmetal forms more than two different oxyanions, the prefixes hypo-(meaning lower than usual) and per(meaning high than usual) are used together with the suffixes, -ite and -ate, in order of increasing oxidation number, as fellows: hypo-ite, -ite, -ate, and per-ate. PO2– hypophosphite PO3– phosphite PO43– phosphate ClO– hypochlorite ClO2– chlorite ClO3– chlorate ClO4– perchlorate,51,(e) oxyanions containing hydrogen (except acetate and hydroxide) are named hydrogen ( ) or alternatively, bi ( )HCO3– hydrogen carbonate, or bicarbonateHSO3– hydrogen sulfite, or bisulfiteHSO4– hydrogen sulfate, or bisulfate 例. Na2C2O4 sodium oxalate, HgSO4 Mercury(Ⅱ) sulfate or Mercuric sulfate, Fe3(PO4)2 iron (Ⅱ)phosphate, ferrous phosphate, Ca(HCO3)2 calcium bicarbonate.,52,二 Naming binary covalent compounds.First we name the element that is written first in the chemical formula, preceded by a Greak prefix that tell us how many atoms of the element are in the compound; then we name the other element, preceding it by another Greek prefix that tells us how many atoms of this second element are in the compound. [Greek prefix + first element + Greek prefix + another element + (ends in -ide) with positive oxidation number is written first]. Each of these elements is a nonmetal, or a metalloid, and the name of the second one is modified so that it end in,53,-ide. The element with the positive oxidation number is written and named first. Hence the symbol of the element that appears earliest in the following sequence is written first:B, Si, C, Sb, As, P, N, H, S, I, Br, Cl, O, F,A great many binary covalent compounds have acquired common names that are used more frequently than these derived from the systematic procedure noted above. In some cases these names are exclusively used.,54,Greek prefix number Example Mono- 1 Carbon monoxide CO Di- 2 Carbon dioxide CO2 Tri- 3 Phosphorus trichloride PCl3 Tetra- 4 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 Penta- 5 Phosphorus pentachloride PCl5 Hexa- 6 Sulfur hexafluoride SF6 Hepta- 7 Dichlorine heptoxide Cl2O7 Octa- 8 Dichlorine octoxide Cl2O8 Ennea-或(nona) 9 Tetraiodine enneaoxide I4O9 Deca- 10 Tetraphosphorus decoxide P4O10,