2.化学化工专业基础知识-无机化合物的命名.ppt
,2013年9月10日,,第二讲 无机化合物的命名 Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry,Specilaized English for Chemistry and Engineering,一. 元素和单质的命名,“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。,S-block Element,IA Hydrogen (dзən) Lithium (iəm) Sodium [ səudiəm] Potassium [pə tæsjəm] Rubidium Cesium Francium,IIABeryllium Magnesium [mæɡ ni:ziəm] Calcium [ kælsiəm] Strontium Barium [ bεəriəm] Radium,IIIAboron Aluminium Gallium Indium Thallium,IV ACarbon Silicon Germanium Tin Lead,V ANitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic Antimony Bismuth,VIAOxygen Sulfur Selenium Tellurium Polonium,VIIAFluorine(in) Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine,0Helium Neon эn Argon Krypton Xenon Radon,P-block Element,,,,Common Transition Elememt,Fe : iron [ aiən] Mn : manganese [ mæŋɡə,ni:s , mæŋɡə ni:z] Cu: copper [ kɔpə] Zn: zinc [ziŋk] Hg: mercury [ mə:kjuri] Ag: silver [ silvə] Au: gold [ɡəuld],,,,二 化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀:mono[ mɒnəʊ] -、 di -、 tri [trai] -、 tetra [tetrə] –、 penta [pentə] -、 hexa [ heksə] -、 hepta [ heptə] -、 octa[ɒk tə] -、nona [ nəunə] -、deca[ dɪkə] -、但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。,,cover,1. Names of Cations(阳离子的命名),1) Monatomic Cations [ kætaiəns] (单原子阳离子):元素名称 + ion [ aiən] 例::Na+:sodium ion;Ag+:silver ion;Ca2+:calcium ion;Al3+:aluminum ion;,变价阳离子和多原子阳离子,如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子,则使用斯托克数字(Stock number)来表示其所带电荷(只形成一种阳离子的不必用)。例::Fe+:iron (I)ion;Fe2+:iron(II)ion;Fe3+:iron(III)ion;2) Polyatomic Cations(多原子阳离子):原子团名称 + ion例:NH4+:ammonium ion,2. Names of Anions(阴离子的命名),1) Monatomic anions(单原子阴离子):元素名称的词干 + -ide + ion 例:F-:fluoride ion(F:fluorine);Cl-:chloride [ klɔ:raid] ion(Cl:chlorine);Br-:bromide [ brəumaid] ion(Br:bromine);I-: iodide [ aiəudaid] ion(I:iodine)* 氰根(CN-)和氢氧根(OH-)视同单原子阴离子 CN-:cyanide [ saiə,naid] ion;OH-:hydroxide [hai drɔksaid] ion,2) Oxyanions (Oxoanions) ( 含氧阴离子,又称酸根离子),非氧元素名称的词干 + -ate + ion ( 译为“* 酸根离子” ) 例:CO32-:carbonate ion(C:carbon);SO42-:sulfate ion(S:sulfur);NO3-:nitrate [ naitreit] ion(N:nitrogen);ClO3-:chlorate ion;PO43-:phosphorate ion (P:phosphorus),* 如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧阴离子,则按以下规则:,a. 高(过)* 酸根离子:per [pər] - + 非氧元素名称的词干 + -ate + ionb. * 酸根离子:非氧元素名称的词干 + -ate + ionc. 亚 * 酸根离子:非氧元素名称的词干 + -ite + iond. 次 * 酸根离子:hypo [ haɪpəʊ] - + 非氧元素名称的词干 + -ite + ion (从a到d含氧原子数依次递减)e.偏 * 酸根离子:meta [ metə] - +非氧元素名称的词干 + - ate + ionf. 焦 * 酸根离子:pyro [ paiərəu] - +非氧元素名称的词干 + - ate + ionh. 硫代* 酸:thio- +酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ic acid,多价含氧阴离子,ClO- (Hypochlorite, [,haɪpəʊ klɔːraɪt] ) (次),ClO3 -(Chlorate, [ klɔːreɪt] ) (正),ClO4 -(Perchlorate, [pə klɔːreɪt] ) (高),,,ClO2- (Chlorite, [ klɔːraɪt] ) (亚),,-O,-O,-O,+ 5,+ 7,+ 3,+ 1,例如,PO3- (偏)(Meta phosphate, ),PO4 3- (正) (Phosphate [ fɔsfeit] ),PO3 3-(亚)(Phosphite ),PO2 3- (次) (Hypo-phosphite ),P2O74- (焦) (Pyro phosphate, ),,分子间 -H2O,,分子内 -H2O,,,-O,-O,+ 5,+ 3,+ 1,例如,*,3) Anions [ ænaiəns] containing hydrogen(含氢阴离子):hydrogen + 去掉氢的离子名称例:HCO3-:hydrogen carbonate ion,3) 含氢阴离子,3.1 Names of Non-oxygen acid (无氧酸的命名): 命名规则:hydro-词根-ic acid,3. Names of Acids(酸的命名),HCN — (Hydro acid) HBr — (Hydro acid),Hydro_______+ acid,,Exercise:,HCl — (Hydrochloric acid); HF — (Hydrofluoric acid); H2S — (Hydrosulfuric acid);,3.2 Names of oxygen acid (含氧酸的命名),命名规则:酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ic acid,如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧酸,则按以下规则:a. 高(过)* 酸:per- + 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ic acidb. * 酸:酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + - ic acidc. 亚 * 酸:酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ous acidd. 次 * 酸:hypo- + 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ous acid (从a到d含氧原子数依次递减) e.偏 * 酸:meta- + 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ic acidf. 焦 * 酸:pyro- + 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ic acidh. 硫代* 酸:thio- +酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ic acid,例如,H2SO4 (+6) Sulfuric acid (正),H2SO3 (+4) sulfurous acid; (亚),H2SO5 Peroxy sulfuric,(过),H2S2O7 (+6) Pyro sulfuric, acid (焦),H2S2O3 (Thiosulfuric acid)e.g. Na2S2O3(硫代),,,-H2O,,-O-O-,-O,,S→ O,H3BO3 (Ortho boric, ) (原),HClO (Hypochlorous acid ) (次),HClO3 (Chloric acid) (正),HClO4 (Perchloric acid) (高),KMnO4 (Potassium _____ manganate),,,HClO2 (Chlorous acid) (亚),,-O,-O,-O,+ 5,+ 7,+ 3,+ 1,例如,HPO3 (偏),H3PO4 (正),H3PO3 (亚),H3PO2 (次),H4P2O7 (焦),,分子间 -H2O,,分子内 -H2O,,,-O,-O,+ 5,+ 3,+ 1,练习,,(Pyro phosphoric acid ),(Meta phosphoric acid ),(Phosphoric acid ),(Phosphorous acid ),(Hypo-phosphorous acid ),(Nitric acid);,(Nitrous acid),4. Names of Bases(碱的命名),例如:Ba(OH)2 — Barium hydroxide Al(OH)3 — Aluminum hydroxide NaOH — Sodium hydroxideFe(OH)2 — iron (II) hydroxide,如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子,则使用斯托克数字(Stock number)来表示其所带电荷(只形成一种阳离子的不必用,Exercise:1) NH4 OH; 2) Mg (OH)2 ; 3) Fe (OH)3,5. Names of Salts(盐的命名),命名规则:不带“ion”的阳离子名称 + 不带“ion”的阴离子名称,阳离子的电荷数用斯托克数字(Stock number)来表示(只形成一种阳离子的元素不必用)例:CuCl:copper(I)chloride;CuCl2:copper(II)chloride;CuSO4:copper(II)sulfate;KClO4:potassium perchlorate,例如,NaCl — Sodium chloride; KBr — Potassium bromide;CaF2 — Calcium fluoride,ZnS — Zinc sulfide,NaCN — Sodium cyanide,Ca2C — Calcium carbide,KI — ?,MgSO4 — Magnesium sulfate; Na2SO3 — Sodium sulfite; (NH4)2SO5 — ammonium peroxysulfate; KNO3 (Potassium nitrate); NaNO2 (Sodium nitrite); Na3PO4 K3PO3,Na2HPO4 (Sodium hydrogen phosphate); NaH2PO4 (Sodium biphosphate); NaHCO3 NaHSO3,例如,(Sodium phosphate);,,(Potassium phosphite);,(Potassium phosphite);,(Sodium bisulfite);,6. Names of Molecular Compounds (分子化合物的命名),命名规则:正价元素名称 + 负价元素名称的词干 + -ide,例如:CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxide N2O4 :Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价,-ic表示高价。例如 FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxideCu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide,7. Names of Hydrates (水合物的命名),命名规则:非水化合物名称 + 表示结晶水个数的希腊数字前缀 + hydrate,* 常用数字前缀 :1. mono-; 2. bi-; 3. tri-; 4. tetra-; 5.penta-; 6. hex(a)- ( sex(a)-); 7. hept(a)- (sept(a)-); 8. oct(a)-; 9. non(a)-; 10. dec(a)-例:CuSO4·5H2O:copper(II)sulfate pentahydrate,8 非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物,H在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。举例: HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chlorideHBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide [ aiəudaid] H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide [ selin(a)id] H2Te hydrogen telluride [ teljʊraɪd],对于其它族的非金属氢化物,H在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀—ane,氮族还可加-ine举例: PH3: phosphine [ fɒsfiːn]或phosphane [fɒs feɪn] AsH3: arsine [ ɑːsiːn]或arsane SbH3: stibine [ stɪbiːn]或stibane BiH3: bismuthane [ bɪzməθeɪn CH4: methane [ mi:θein] SiH4: silane [ sɪleɪn] B2H6: diborane [dai bɔ:rein],8. 非金属氢化物,命名时先命名阳离子部分,最后命名阴离子部分,阴离子配体以字母顺序列出,中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。K[BF4] potassium tetrafluoroborate(III)K4[Fe(CN)6] potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate[Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)]NO3Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate,络合物的命名(Naming coordination complex),Naming coordination complex,1. Ligands (1). Negative ions as ligandsLigand = Element’s root -o for example:CN- Cyano NO2- NitroF- Fluoro NO3- NitratoCl- Chloro CO3= CarbonatoBr- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato O= Oxo H- HydridoOH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato,(2). Neutral molecules as ligand,Ligand = Radical name for example:NH3 AmmineCO CarbonylH2O AquaCH3NH2 MethylamineH2NCCNH2 Ethylenediamine,2. Complex ions,(1). Neutral complex or complex ions with positive chargeComplex ion = n-Ligand-metal ion(N) for example:Ag(NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I)Cu(NH3)42+ Tetraamminecopper(II)[Co(NH3)3(NO2)3] Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III),常见配体的名称,(2).Complex ions with negative charge,Complex ion =n-Ligand-metal’s root-ate(N) for example:[Fe(CN)6]4- Hexafluoroferrate(II)[BF4]- Tetrafluoroborate(III)[AlF6]3- Hexafluoroaluminate(III)[AuCl4]- Tetrachloroaurate(III),3.Naming complex,Complex = Cation + anion for example:Li[AlH4] Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III)[Ag(NH3)2]Cl Diamminesilver(I) chlorideK4[Fe(CN)6] Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfateNi(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0),Exercise,H2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2 HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClO NaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5 H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3 CaHPO4 PtCl42- [Ag(NH3)2]Cl K4[Fe(CN)6],Answer,H2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid Na2S sodium sulfide CuSO4 copper (II) sulfate or cupric sulfate Fe(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate or ferric nitrate HClO4 perchloric acid KCN potassium cyanide NH4Cl ammonium chloride,NaClO sodium hypochlorite NaOH sodium hydroxide Mn(OH)2 Manganese(II) hydroxide Fe2O3 iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide H2O2 hydrogen peroxide K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate CaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphate PtCl42- tetrachloroplatinum(II) [Ag(NH3)2]Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4[Fe(CN)6] Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II),Answer,